99国产精品久久99久久久,人妻人人添人人爽夜夜欢视频,欧美xxxx8888,成人永久高清在线观看,精品国产乱码久久久人妻

導讀：

感謝大家訂閱皮埃羅·斯加魯菲（Piero Scaruffi）的鈦媒體72問.知識專欄《硅谷的秘密》。我是今天的提問者趙何娟。今天皮埃羅跟我們講了硅谷這個詞的“發(fā)明”，以及和蘋果這家公司的關系與淵源。很有意思的是，當我問皮埃羅在硅谷的締造過程中，什么是最重要的時，他的回答竟然是：移民。下面就讓我們來聽，皮埃羅今天的講課吧。

Much later the name Silicon Valley was invented in the seventies by journalists, and only basically the apple IPO is when people start paying attention, and until then there was no, there was no interest really what was going on there. So studying the society explains what is different about Silicon Valley. It was an area where different ideas were welcome and if frida in what differentiates poetry in painting in film or in accepting gays, whatever, and in technology. So I realized that technology is one just one of the things that the bay area does differently, but there are many, and technologies is one. So that started explaining the things, why people are different at work. People go to the garage , why the garage?

直到70年代的時候，記者發(fā)明了“硅谷”這個詞，因為基本是到了蘋果首次公開募股的時候，人們才開始關注硅谷（之后，硅谷突然受到了記者的極大關注）。在此之前，人們對硅谷發(fā)生了什么并不感興趣。研究硅谷的社會才能知道它真正的特別之處。硅谷是一個歡迎不同想法的地方，它能夠接納在工作、詩歌、藝術、電影以及技術領域中的不同想法。大灣區(qū)有很多特別之處，技術只是其中之一。所以這說明了為什么人們的工作方式不同，他們在車庫創(chuàng)業(yè)，為什么是車庫呢？

If you go back to the fifties and the sixties in the seventies all those writers and artists politicians now there were so many people from different backgrounds they were living in very humble places, they were not working for big corporations, they were not working for the government, they were just independent, and they had the stranger ideas, strange projects. Most of them failed there was nothing wrong failing, so if you start thinking about the people who live there, you realize that it's exactly what we say about silicon valley, the garage. It's ok to fail, it's okay to have a crazy idea, impossible idea, you know. San Francisco was famous because young people wanted to change the world. Silicon Valley changed the world. Of course the people wanted to change the world in the sixties, mostly wanted peace and love, they were dreaming with the deal world, so it was a different meaning. But the spirit was “I want to change the world” . The spirit in most of the world was, I want a safe job, I want a salary, I work from eight to five, my boss tells me what to do and I'm very happy, I go home to family.

那個年代，有很多政客、藝術家和背景不同的人來到大灣區(qū)，他們都非常謙虛，他們沒有為大公司工作，沒有為政府工作，他們都是很特別的人，他們有奇思妙想，奇怪的項目，雖然他們有的人失敗了，但是失敗并沒有什么錯。如果你仔細思考硅谷的這些人，車庫創(chuàng)業(yè)可以失敗，他們可以有瘋狂的想法，在他人眼里是不可能的想法。舊金山因想要改變世界的年輕人而出名，與此同時，硅谷也在改變世界。當然啦，60年代人所謂的改變世界，就是和平與愛，改變世界在當時有不同的含義。但他們的理念是我想要改變世界。當時在世界其他地方的理念是我要保住自己的飯碗，我需要工資，我8點上班5點下班，老板告訴我做什么，我就開開心心地去做，然后下班回家與家人一起。

San Francisco? Totally different idea. I don't want the boss I don't want a safe job, I want to do something really stupid and if I am poor for the rest of my life, okay, my friends will like me. Everything that we say about silicon valley today was already there, it just was not about technology, was something else. The other thing that is special today about silicon valley is that young educated people want to live there, right, it it's difficult to find somebody was born in the San Francisco bay area, so many immigrants from other states of the United States or from the rest of the world. Immigration is about poor families look at their refuges today in Europe coming from Syria in Africa their families their poor families they move because they are poor they don't have jobs they don't have food. There is a war same with the illegal immigrants in the united states, mostly men but men with families they need to feed their families, and they are poor they are not educated, that's the typical immigrant. I'm sure also in China this is typical. Who wants to move somewhere else? Poor family, they need to find jobs, food and so on. Well guess what, the Bay area was always a place where young educated people want to move.

在舊金山，人們的想法全然不同，我不要老板，我不用工作，我有愚蠢的想法，如果我要當一輩子的窮人，我也沒關系，反正我的朋友還是會喜歡我。我們今天在硅谷看到的一切，當時已經存在了。所以并不只是技術。硅谷的另一個特別之處是，年輕、受過高等教育的人在那里生活。很難找到在舊金山灣區(qū)出生的人，那里有很多移民，無論是其他州過去的，還是其他國家的移民。通常，移民都是窮人?？纯慈缃駳W洲的敘利亞難民，他們都很窮，還會挨餓，他們來自飽受戰(zhàn)亂的國家，就和當初的美國移民一樣。那些移民多數(shù)是男人，他們都是需要養(yǎng)家糊口的人，他們很窮，也沒有受過什么教育。我相信今天中國國內的移民也是一樣的，窮人家庭，需要養(yǎng)家糊口。

A very different, it was always a different kind of immigration because the young people, especially college kids like the idea of going to a place where they are not expected to live the traditional life they go there and something different and is so much fun and you know, I'm free, this sense of freedom, all their people know that you pay a price for freedom. You don't have a safe job, where is your salary? Where is your home? Young people they just want this feeling of freedom and so already in the sixties, thousands of young educated people moving to the bay area. Today you see the Silicon Valley and you explain it very easily, Silicon Valley, of course they want to become billionaires but actually that kind of immigration was already there. So it's another way to realize that there was something in the society there was attracting people, because if you just wanted to have money, you could have, you know, found a better job, safer job in New York.

但舊金山的不同之處是那里有很多年輕且受過教育的人，這是一種不同的移民。因為這些大學畢業(yè)的年輕人想要住在一個無需過傳統(tǒng)生活的地方，他們去到舊金山，有很多不同的東西，而且他們是自由的。這是一種自由感，我們都清楚自由是有代價的，你沒有穩(wěn)定的工作，你的工資呢？你的房子呢？但年輕人就是需要這種自由的感覺。所以在60年代，你會看到有很多年輕人移民到大灣區(qū)。今天你講起硅谷就會說，太簡單了，他們到硅谷都是想成為億萬富翁。但硅谷原本就有這些人了。所以硅谷能夠吸引到人是有獨特之處的。如果你想要錢，你可以在紐約找到更加穩(wěn)定的工作。

The people who move to San Francisco were not poor, they did not need to move there. They were from a middle class family and they were going to college which means you stay in college get your degree you go you find a job, a good job. There was no need to move to the San Francisco bay area. But there was a sense was already attracting young people because of the different way of thinking, and today people go to Silicon Valley, the reason changed a little bit, because today people go to Silicon Valley also because they want a job with Google Apple and so on.

很多移民到舊金山的人都不是窮人，他們出生在中產家庭，去上大學。這意味著，他們上完大學，就可以找到一份好工作，他們不需要移民到舊金山灣區(qū)。但是舊金山能夠吸引人才?，F(xiàn)在人們去硅谷，只是因為他們想去谷歌、蘋果或是其他企業(yè)工作。

But hopefully they are still thousands of young people who go there just because they see a place where people think differently, and for young people that inspiration and you have an education and the service bay area you can use it to create something new. In other places you can use it to obey your boss, so that's always been the big difference, the way you work in Silicon Valley and other places. In other places your job your typical job is the boss tells you what to do, Silicon Valley is a place where you use your education to create something new, and people would not be shocked, you know, what, you don't want the job in the big corporation?

但仍然還是有年輕人因為硅谷包容和鼓勵不同的想法才選擇去硅谷的。在舊金山灣區(qū)，你可以利用這些想法去創(chuàng)造新事物，而在其他地方，你只能服從老板的命令。你在舊金山的工作方式和在其他地方的工作方式是不一樣的。在其他地方，你只需要照老板說的去做；而在硅谷，你可以利用你學過的知識來創(chuàng)新，而硅谷的人也不會感到驚訝。在硅谷，沒有人為大公司工作，他們想嘗試新鮮事物，這也是可以的。

Now I want to try this new thing, that's ok. Today is even too easy because today they also give you a lot of money in now there's all these venture capitalists who are always looking for new ideas. But you go back, you have to go back to nineteen sixty nineteen seventy, it was not so easy because all these venture capitalists did not exist. But the society was welcoming. The society was saying, ok you have a new idea, have a try, if it doesn't work, well, you'll be poor. So what? A lot of people chose to live in poor neighborhoods you know， but to be free to do what they wanted.

今天嘗試新鮮事物并不難，因為很多風險投資人會為新鮮想法買單，但是在60、70年代則不是這樣，非常不容易。但是還沒有風險投資，但是硅谷的社會卻歡迎新事物。硅谷的社會是，如果你有新的想法，那就嘗試去踐行它。如果失敗了的話，你會成為一個窮人。但是他們覺得即便是貧困的生活也能夠接。

Even when I came to Silicon Valley in nineteen eighty three, starting a company was a big sacrifice, now starting a company means you quit your job and you really work in a garage with no salary, and the vast majority failed. Of course today is getting too easy because today there's so much venture capital. In fact the start ups they get a lot of money in my opinion, they don't have a good idea, but there's so much money now it's become much easier, right?

最近也發(fā)生了改變。因為我1983年來到硅谷的時候，創(chuàng)立一家公司也是很大的犧牲了。創(chuàng)業(yè)意味著你要辭職，在車庫里工作，還沒有薪水，絕大多數(shù)的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司都失敗了。如今有很多的風險投資，創(chuàng)業(yè)公司可以獲得很多投資，即使這些公司并沒有什么好的點子。但現(xiàn) 在有了那么多錢，一切就變得容易多了。

But if you want to explain how we got to twenty seventeen ,you have to realize what happened in nineteen seventy seven ,what happened forty years ago? How did this model develop? Why this model worked so well? What was the value of this model because now a lot of people around the world are trying to copy this model, but you will not copy it very easily of course. Risk, the first thing is risk. I mean who was taking the biggest risk with new technology? Not the big corporations, big corporations don't like risk. Big corporations introduce a product and they introduce another product that is similar a little different, same type of application, same customers, you know. For example, if the customer is NASA they keep thinking of selling to NASA if the customer is boring the keep thinking of selling to buying.

不過，如果你想知道硅谷是怎么變成2017年這個時候的樣子，你需要知道1977年的硅谷。也就是40年前的事情，這個模式是怎么發(fā)展的？這個模式的價值是什么？很多人企圖復制硅谷模式。首先是風險，誰在承擔新技術的風險。不是大公司，大公司不喜歡風險，他們做出一款產品，然后再做出相似的產品，有相同的客戶群體。比如說，他們開始把產品賣給NASA，他們就會一直把產品賣給NASA；如果他們的客戶是波音，他們就一直把產品賣給波音。

Big corporations don't really like risk but all these crazy people in San Frasicco, for them risk is normal. So they they took more risks all the time, all the time, all the time. Steve Woznia, when he built the first apple he had the zero, zero guarantee that this would become a product, zero. Steve Jobs was more of a businessman okay, but even Steve Jobs, if you look at the pictures, he had the long hair. I asked somebody who met Steve Jobs when he was young, so what was your first impression of Steve Jobs and he said he smelled so bad. These people were not trying to have a regular job, right, they were taking a risk. Okay, let's try this thing and see what happens.

大公司并不是那么喜歡風險。但是舊金山的瘋狂人士，他們愿意冒險。蘋果創(chuàng)立的時候，Steve Woznia也不能保證蘋果能成功。相較之下，喬布斯更像是一個商人。但如果你問那些認識年輕時候的喬布斯的人，他們對喬布斯的印象如何，他們會回答“喬布斯很臭”。所以，這些都不是尋求穩(wěn)定工作的人，他們愿意冒險，嘗試新鮮事物。

So everything I told you about the society explains why these people were so willing to take a risk and because they were willing to take a risk then Silicon Valley did something different with technology. The rest of the world didn't do that, the rest of the world was interested in selling a one million transistors. What do you do with the transistor? I don't care, I just sell them, make them in a big factory. Silicon Valley, this young people look at the transistor, start to think what can I do with this thing? So they were willing to take a risk, they were willing to use their ideas, so that society was encouraging them to experiment them. Actually today we look at the society and realize it was a huge laboratory, you know, the biggest laboratory at the time was Bell Lab, maybe that one thousand people two thousand when the bay area had one million people, you know, and a lot of them were motivated to try something differently.

我和你提到的所有有關社會的東西，都說明了為什么他們原因冒險。正因為他們原因冒險，硅谷才能在技術方面做出不同的東西。其他地方則不同，他們關注的是怎樣賣出10億個晶體管，才不管晶體管有什么用途，只要賣出去就好啦。然而，硅谷的年輕人關注的是他們可以用晶體管做些什么不一樣的事情，他們愿意冒險，愿意嘗試新事物。舊金山灣區(qū)的社會引導他們去做實驗，我們今天回顧過去，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)舊金山是一個超大的實驗室。AT&T最大的實驗室，有可能一兩千人，他們都在冒險，而但是舊金山灣區(qū)的人口只有一百多萬。他們都受到鼓勵，嘗試做不同的事情。

So then the official history of Silicon Valley is that you have one professor at Stanford who encourages students to start their company. Fred Terman had a number of students, the most famous are Hewlett and Packard, he encouraged them to start their own company. Then William Shockley was one of the inventors of the transistor and decided to move to Palo Alto. Why? Because his mother was sick. He then hired a few engineers, and his engineers started Fair Child, and some of the engineers of Fair Child started Intel, and started many other semiconductor companies. This is all true. But the question you have to ask is why it didn't happen in New York, why did not happen in Germany?

硅谷的一個官方歷史是斯坦福大學的教授鼓勵學生去創(chuàng)業(yè)。最著名的是弗雷德里克·特曼（Fred Terman）與他的學生比爾·休利特、戴維·帕卡德，這兩個學生成立了惠普。威廉·肖克利（William Shockley）是晶體管的發(fā)明者之一，他為了重病的母親而搬到加州的帕羅奧圖。肖克利雇用了一些工程師創(chuàng)立了仙童公司，后來仙童公司的工程師又創(chuàng)辦了英特爾，或者建立了很多半導體公司。你可能會問為什么德國或者紐約沒有這些事情？

【版權歸鈦媒體所有，未經許可不得轉載】