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導(dǎo)語：

感謝大家訂閱皮埃羅·斯加魯菲（Piero Scaruffi）的鈦媒體72問.知識專欄《硅谷的秘密》。我是今天的提問者趙何娟。在這一講中，皮埃羅主要講述了硅谷一代代企業(yè)家的變化與成長。第一代的硅谷創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)家，都跟半導(dǎo)體有關(guān)，也是“硅谷”的起源；到后來80年代就開始有了軟件創(chuàng)業(yè)公司，再后來大部分軟件公司都陣亡了，再有了90年代.COM的一代，到了2000年，硅谷開始逐漸誕生了今天的巨無霸，Google、Facebook等等，這些企業(yè)家誕生于不同機緣，都也都面臨著不同挑戰(zhàn)。下面就聽皮埃羅詳細(xì)來講講吧：

So there are many generations in my opinion，I just now just two it's really there their original semiconductor industry why is it called silicon, because originally was all this start-ups were about silicon, so that's the original one. And then in the eighties you see the first software start-ups, most of them fail and then in the nineties, the “dot com generation” and then in the two thousand so you have Facebook Google and Twitter, all the ones are famous now. So it's really several different generations and there's been, I think each one had its own, its own challenges.

我認(rèn)為硅谷有很多代企業(yè)家，不僅是第一代跟第二代，這里有最初制造出半導(dǎo)體的企業(yè)家。硅谷最早的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司都與半導(dǎo)體有關(guān)，所以硅谷也由此聞名。這些才是硅谷最初的企業(yè)家。在80年代，開始有軟件創(chuàng)業(yè)公司，大部分軟件公司都陣亡了。在90年代有“dot-com一代”。到了2000年，硅谷有Google， Facebook等等。你可以看到硅谷是有好幾代企業(yè)家的，他們也面臨著不同的挑戰(zhàn)。

The original ones were very fewer. Actually, this not that's not thousands of startups it's dozens and to me, it gets really interesting with the generation of the personal computer. Because that's really when the number of ideas multiply very badly. Because the first generation was really focused on semiconductors. So the first generation was really focused on the semiconductors. That's why it's called Silicon Valley. A lot of them were from Fair Child. So this company was very influential. And I think the military investment and NASA were very important to keep that generation alive. 

第一代企業(yè)家的規(guī)模沒有那么大，那時還未上千家企業(yè)，只有幾十家。我個人認(rèn)為有趣的是做出個人電腦的這一代企業(yè)家，因為那時不斷出現(xiàn)新的想法。而第一代企業(yè)家主要就是在做半導(dǎo)體，而且很多人原來都在仙童（Fair Child）工作。對硅谷的第一代企業(yè)家而言，軍方和NASA的投資很重要。

So it was not a generation that was really thinking of the world, it was still a relatively local kind of business then the generation of the starts with basically with the Apple and the first software companies. So it's there the age of Apple and Microsoft. Microsoft was in Seattle but still in that generation so that one gets a little more interesting because that's when they are ideas start multiplying. It's not only silicon and that's still a generation that is risking a lot is taking a lot of risk. There was little venture capital if you don't work for them for their military for the government was giving you the money. 

所以第一代企業(yè)家并沒有過多地考慮“工作”這回事，他們的商業(yè)受到更多的局限。第二代則是以Apple和最初的軟件公司為代表，可以說是Apple與微軟的時代。微軟是在西雅圖。這一代企業(yè)家也很有趣，因為這時開始出現(xiàn)更多的新想法，并不只是限于硅谷。第二代企業(yè)家敢于冒險，當(dāng)時也沒有什么風(fēng)險投資，他們也沒有為軍方或者政府工作。

Then you have the dot com and the dot com so that's the internet right that's the first boom on the internet with a dot com you at that point you have venture capital it's a little easier to start a company is that's a generation that has a simple problem how do I make money out of this new technology. A lot of people had the feeling that the internet allows you to reach millions of people. Now it's actually billions of people. Ok, but how do you make money. The vast majority of those com start ups failed. The vast majority. 

接下來才是“dot.com”這一代，這時已經(jīng)有因特網(wǎng)了，也有風(fēng)險投資，所以創(chuàng)業(yè)開始變得容易，他們會思考的問題是：如何利用技術(shù)來賺錢？他們知道可以通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)接觸到上百萬人，但是怎么賺錢？很多互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫時代的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司都倒閉了。絕大多數(shù)都失敗了。

That the 2000, actually, that the new generation that's too easy. Because now there is a lot of venture capitals, the dot coms were actually right, most of them fail but they were right. There is a lot of opportunity there now we know it now. In china you have Tencent, Alibaba, Baidu, right? So easy to make money now and the internet so they were right so now there's too much money it's relatively easy to start a company and we have big companies. That’s another big difference, big, big difference. In the first generation we don't have any big company in Silicon Valley. Maybe the biggest actually was a Locket that you don't know makes missiles or military company and then probably HP was one of the biggest. 

2000年之后的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司就容易多了，因為有太多的風(fēng)險投資了。雖然大多數(shù)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫時代的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司都失敗了，但是我們現(xiàn)在回頭看，會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們是對的，當(dāng)時的確有很多的機會。在中國，你們有騰訊、阿里巴巴、百度，他們也賺了很多錢。他們做出了正確的選擇?，F(xiàn)在有太多資金，創(chuàng)業(yè)也很容易，現(xiàn)在有很多大公司，而在硅谷早期，并沒有那么多大公司，有一家公司你可能不知道，它會為軍方工作，制作導(dǎo)彈，規(guī)模算大的還有惠普。

Today's generation grows up with Google number one in the world Apple number two number one in its field in to number one is semiconductors Oracle , number one in ERP software Salesforce，number one in cloud computing. Facebook number one in social media twitter party number two or three so now you grow up in a Silicon Valley where you have all these number ones Airbnb, Uber. 

今天的硅谷有很多大公司，Google是世界第一，Apple是第二，英特爾是半導(dǎo)體領(lǐng)域的第一，Oracle 是ERP軟件的第一，Salesforce是云計算領(lǐng)域的第一， Facebook是最大的社交媒體，Twitter是第二或者第三的社交媒體。所以現(xiàn)在我們成長在一個有很多大公司的環(huán)境之下，我還忘了提一些公司，比如說Airbnb、Uber等等。

I'm forgetting some we have so many number ones now that we even difficult to list them that's obviously totally different from the federation first generation they were Silicon Valley when I went to Silicon Valley in nineteen eighty three silicone was famous for small companies unfortunately today a lot of people think of Silicon Valley as big companies I always criticize the tourists who come to Silicon Valley and want to take a picture in front of   Facebook, in front of Apple. That's no Silicon Valley. I know you have big companies in in Detroit your big companies you know France has whatever but Silicon Valley the small garage so today the situation is totally different and the spirit of Silicon Valley is a little distorted. 

我很難給出完整的大公司清單。這就與多年前的硅谷不同，我1983年去硅谷的時候，基本都是小公司。然而，現(xiàn)在人們提到硅谷就會想到大公司。我經(jīng)常批評那些去到硅谷就到 Facebook或者Apple大樓門前打卡拍照的人，這不是硅谷。底特律有大公司，法國也有，而硅谷有的是車庫創(chuàng)業(yè)。我認(rèn)為如今的硅谷精神雖然還在， 但已經(jīng)有點扭曲了。

導(dǎo)語：當(dāng)聽到皮埃羅說硅谷精神雖然還在，但已經(jīng)有點扭曲了，我還是有點震驚的。皮埃羅先生為什么會這么說呢？繼續(xù)聽他說吧。

I think a lot of things changed. What do remain is the original spirits because it’s still there. We still have a lot of startups with the with ideas with different things. Today one thing that is different is money. You can easily find a venture capitalist usually, an angel who gives you money to start a company there was not the case, even in the 80s even during the dot com the crazy bubble it wasn't like this. 

我覺得有很多的變化，但硅谷的基本精神沒有改變。硅谷現(xiàn)在還有很多創(chuàng)業(yè)公司有很好的想法。我認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)在不同的之處在于資金?，F(xiàn)在有很多風(fēng)險投資，通常是天使投資給你錢。所以更加容易獲得資金。當(dāng)然啦，現(xiàn)在的人創(chuàng)業(yè)的精神是不一樣的。然而，80年代的情況完全不同。即便是在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫年代，獲得投資也不是那么的容易的事情。

Now it's too easy to get the money, so of course the spirit of the people who started a company was different in the 80s. You really had to risk, you really had to quit your job you don't have a salary you work six months for free nobody paying you and you have to succeed. Today is a little too easy to get money, they will pay your salary sometimes a very good salary. So sometimes I asked them what kind of start up is this. 

現(xiàn)在的問題是投資的資金太容易拿到手了。以前在硅谷創(chuàng)業(yè)確實很辛苦，要承擔(dān)很大的風(fēng)險。在80年代，你確實是要辭去穩(wěn)定的工作，連續(xù)工作六個月，而且還沒有工資，所以你必須得成功。但現(xiàn)在投資人的錢太容易拿到手。很多創(chuàng)業(yè)的人士因此有了很多的錢。

Start up to me means you suffer. Now you don't suffer, you buy a nice car, so that's not a start up to me. The other difference is that this big corporations now that we have this big companies they really change their spirit. Why? Because they can buy the ideas. In the previous generations we did not have anybody buying the new idea and so you had companies like Apple Google, FaceBook had to grow by themselves, right?

對我來說，創(chuàng)業(yè)意味著要吃苦，而現(xiàn)在的人創(chuàng)業(yè)不但不需要吃苦，而且還能購買豪車。對我而言，這根本就不是創(chuàng)業(yè)。我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在硅谷的大公司已經(jīng)改變了創(chuàng)業(yè)的精神。為什么？因為他們只要花錢就可以買到好點子。在前幾代的硅谷創(chuàng)業(yè)時期中，你花錢也買不到好的想法。

But now these companies Apple, Google, FaceBook have so much money, so much cash they can just buy the idea. I look at from the point of view of the personal ways, in the 80s or 90s, if you had the idea, it's your responsibility to grow it. You have to find a way to make it bigger and bigger and bigger and eventually become number one. 

Apple、Google和 Facebook都需要依靠自己才能成長，但現(xiàn)在Apple、Google和Facebook都已經(jīng)是很大的企業(yè)，擁有很多的現(xiàn)金，可以去購買好的想法。但在80年代或者90年代，如果你有好的創(chuàng)意，你有責(zé)任去把這個想法做出來，把它做好做大。

But now if you have an idea you don't need to do all that, Google and FaceBook will come and will give you money and will tell you, “if you want to get rich you can be rich right now this is the money give me your idea. Bye bye.” That, of course, change their whole ecosystem because before there were all these people within your idea trying to develop their idea and thinking they will spend the next ten years of my life doing this now. You have all these people with a new idea thinking, I have to convince Google that is a good idea Google will give me the money I get rich today bye bye. don so that's that's, that's possibly the biggest change in the ecosystem and so. 

現(xiàn)在如果你能有一個想法，你并不需要去把這件事情做好。比如說Google或者 Facebook會因為你有一個好的想法，就找上門花費巨資你的想法，告訴你“這是給你的錢，我們拿錢來購買你的想法，你就可以走了。”這弄壞了硅谷的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，因為在以前有想法的人需要時間把事情做好，他們會花10年的時間來實踐。但現(xiàn)在的人有了好的想法以后，就會想辦法說服Google這些大公司投資，獲得巨資，之后跟這個想法說再見。這也許是Google等大公司對硅谷生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的最大的影響了。

So a lot of us are thinking how can you have a new Apple or a new Google today I mean these giants will buy it right away no company has a chance to grow up and become a challenger right I do not the answer is yes no. I don't know but that's the concern we have. And then one thing we all the people I met on like is that we see too many young people who want to come to Silicon Valley to work for a big company. That's a little sad because we grew up thinking of Silicon Valley where young people come, they have an idea and they want to start the company, right? 

很多人都會思考，時至今日怎樣才能再有Google， Facebook那樣的大公司？什么好的想法都會被這些大公司收購?，F(xiàn)在的問題是沒有創(chuàng)業(yè)公司能夠成長起來，挑戰(zhàn)既有的大公司。我不知道如何回答這一問題，但我們確實有憂慮。我們老一輩人不喜歡現(xiàn)在很多的年輕人來到硅谷，就是為了給大公司去打工。

But now there are also many many who come and only want to work for Google and Facebook and if you send an email home and tell your parents or I got a job at  Facebook your parents are very happy right what's wrong with that well nothing but that's what used to happen on the East Coast, in Europe, in China. Silicon Valley was not like that. You write home and you tell your parents I don't have a job but I have a great idea, your parents are panic. That was the origin Silicon Valley. So today too many young people come and I just want a job and when you meet them you can tell.

我們會感到失望，因為以前的年輕人來到硅谷是想創(chuàng)業(yè)，而現(xiàn)在的年輕人是為了給Google和 Facebook打工才來硅谷。如果你給家里的父母發(fā)郵件說：“我給 Facebook工作了！”父母會感到非常欣慰。你可能會問：這有什么問題呢？確實沒有問題。但以前這些事情都是發(fā)生在歐洲或者中國，硅谷完全不同。以前在硅谷，年輕人會給家人寫信說：“我現(xiàn)在是個無業(yè)游民，但是我有很好的點子。”父母收到信會非常擔(dān)心，但這才是硅谷最初的樣子，所以現(xiàn)在很多年輕人來到硅谷，為的只是想要找一份工作。這種差異很明顯。

You know when I came in anybody I met in Silicon Valley. It was an interesting person. sometimes I didn't like them because they were to aggressive sometimes I didn't like them because I thought that’s a very stupid idea. But everybody was interesting and today sometimes you stop somebody in the street and you ask just a simple question where's the library or whatever and you meet people or just not intelligent, they just know they work for a big company, Google or whatever.，but you ask them a simple question you can tell these people are not intelligent.

我80年代來到硅谷時，我遇到的人都很有趣。我不太喜歡一些好斗的人，或者是有愚蠢想法的人，但每個人都很有趣。今天你在硅谷街上隨便遇到一個人，問個問題，你可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)對方并不聰明，他們是在為Google或其他大公司工作。

They go to work and they obey the orders so we have to many of these now. I know it sounds funny but that's not Silicon Valley. They are the personnel that just goes to work, to take orders obey orders, is not the typical personal Silicon Valley. But unfortunately, now that we are so many big companies it is becoming the norm and that's so someone older people don't like that norm.

現(xiàn)在硅谷有太多穩(wěn)定工作，墨守成規(guī)的人。我知道這聽起來很可笑，但這并不是硅谷應(yīng)有的樣子。硅谷典型的人才不是那些有穩(wěn)定工作，只會服從老板的人。不幸的是，現(xiàn)在有太多的大公司，導(dǎo)致硅谷的常態(tài)已經(jīng)變成在大公司工作，服從上級命令。我們老一輩在硅谷打拼過的人都不喜歡這種常態(tài)。

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