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導語：

感謝大家訂閱皮埃羅·斯加魯菲（Piero Scaruffi）的鈦媒體72問.知識專欄《硅谷的秘密》。我是今天的提問者趙何娟。前幾期專欄皮埃羅跟我們說了很多關于硅谷誕生背后的故事，那么如果給硅谷的那么多成功因素排個序的話，該怎么排呢？

The first and last one is easy. First is society and the last is government. Traditionally, we don't like the government even now the vast majority don’t like government to get involved we take the money very happy to take the money but we don't really like government to tell us what to do Silicon Valley is always viewed the government as very far, in Washington. Good, stay there, stay there. Sometimes when they asked me which city in china is more similar to the two Silicon Valley I think which city is very far from Beijing. Because that's our attitude. That’s easy.

我覺得很容易決定什么是最重要和最不重要的。最重要的是社會文化影響，最不重要的是政府支持。傳統(tǒng)上看，美國并不喜歡政府參與，社會也不歡迎政府干預。我們很樂意從政府手上拿錢，但是不喜歡政府指手畫腳。硅谷覺得政府距離他們很遠，因為華盛頓離硅谷很遠。很好，政府就遠離我們，別動。有時候別人問我：“中國有哪一個城市跟硅谷會比較像？”我會說離北京遠的城市會跟硅谷的相似度會更高。

The number one is society because it’s the society that creates this different attitude towards technology. Venture capital is a long story and I wish some of my venture capitalists were here so you can hear their version. In the book I write, in my opinion, venture capital has not been a positive force because venture capital tends to come after not before. And it distorts the market when capitalist come and invest in one thousand companies. And then most of these fail, the market crashes a lot of people lose their job it's unfair to blame the dot coms.

我們先來談社會文化的影響，硅谷的社會文化是包容科技的，但風險投資又是另外一回事了。如果你而有其他的風險投資人聊天，他們會給出不同的答案。我在書中寫的是，在硅谷風險投資并不是一個正面的角色，因為他們是在創(chuàng)業(yè)公司有了起色后才進行投資的。風險投資人來到硅谷給1000個創(chuàng)業(yè)公司進行投資時，實際上，他們擾亂了技術市場。很多企業(yè)都失敗了，市場也完蛋了，很多的人因此失業(yè)，所有責備失敗的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司是不公平的。

Of course, if you have an idea, you get the money. The distortion comes from the fact that venture capitalists tend to be a little stupid they invest in what is popular. Right now, as we speak probably they're investing a lot in artificial intelligence without even understanding. What it is that good or bad some people will tell you it's good because it helps a lot of artificial intelligence companies get started but my opinion is bad actually because it creates too much expectation that would probably not, create bubbles, was creating the bubbles in Silicon Valley. 

因為如果你有一個想法，你就可以獲得投資。但風險投資有一點很愚蠢的是，他們專門給時下流行的想法投錢。我想現(xiàn)在一定有很多的風險投資人給人工智能資金，但他們可能都不懂什么是人工智能。那風險投資對人工智能到底是好還是壞呢？有的人可能會說好，因為有人會認為這些錢幫助了很多人工智能的初創(chuàng)公司。但是我認為這些風險投資并不好，因為它會導致人們對人工智能領域有太多的期望。投資會導致硅谷出現(xiàn)過多的泡沫。

I don't think you have to blame it on a Steve Jobs and the market and so on. Of course, they were very happy bubble creates bigger nets but you have to blame it on the retail is in my opinion that an eventual capital is a speculator. It is like in China the value of homes goes up a lot, because people start buying ten, twenty homes. Say that with the companies and so my feeling has always been that it was a negative force not a positive force, but again if my friends in the venture capitals were here, they would tell you the opposite. 

我不認為有指責喬布斯或扎克伯格的需要，因為每次發(fā)生市場泡沫的時候，都會出現(xiàn)很多位億萬富翁。但我認為風險投資需要負責任，因為風險投資就是在投機。這點跟中國的情況很像，中國房價高企是因為有的人會買十幾，二十套房子。風險投資就是給很多公司投錢，所以我的看法是風險投資是起著消極的作用。然而，我也必須重申，如果我那些做風險投資的朋友在場，他們一定會向你闡述另外一種觀點。

They would tell you, without our money, Silicon Valley would be nothing and there's also some truth in what they say. I would rank venture capital lower. One thing, two things I mentioned. One is the loss of California there was actually more important than the government in Washington. California has always had laws that are very loose the very, you know, they encourage business in many ways. The most famous is the fact that you can quit Apple and go work for a competitor of Apple. And the law in California tends to protect you, you cannot, of course, you cannot tell the secrets of Apple to another to a competitor but you can work in a very similar project. Yes, and in other states is not true and other countries is defining not true.

他們會告訴你，如果不是投資人給硅谷投錢，硅谷什么都不是。當然，他們講的也不完全錯。我不認為風險投資有那么的重要。實際上加州的法律比政府還要重要。加州法律較為寬松，而且鼓勵創(chuàng)業(yè)。如果你在硅谷工作的話，你可以從Apple辭職，為其競爭對手工作。加州的法律也會保護你的權益，但前提是你不能泄露Apple的商業(yè)機密。你可以為競爭對手做類似的項目，而在其他國家你可能就不能這么做。

So in California, it is always been much easier to quit the company and join the other company that makes a big difference because in silicon value expected if you stay if you worked for the same company for five years, people ask you why it sounds strange it almost sounds like you're not so good. Because if you are good a competitor should offer you money and so most of my friends a change job every two or three years, you meet them after one year or so first question is so you working for now because you expect them to change that's so easy because the loss in California make it easy in other places you have to be careful and also some companies will not hire you because they would be afraid that Apple see what ever so one thing you didn't ask is the loss of California and that make it a little easier to do these things.

在加州，你可以從一個公司跳槽到另外一個公司。這就會有很大的不同。在硅谷，如果你為同一家公司工作了五年，人們可能就會問你為什么。這聽起來就很奇怪，因為別人問你的時候，仿佛是在質疑你是不是沒有那么好。因為如果你真的很厲害，競爭對手應該高薪挖走你。所以，我的朋友很多都換過老板。我們見面問的第一句話就是“你現(xiàn)在為誰工作？”加州的法律讓跳槽變得簡單，但是在其他地方你要很謹慎。其他公司未必敢雇用你，因為他們害怕遭到你原公司起訴。所以你沒有提到的就是加州法律所帶來的影響，法律讓人們換工作變成很容易。

And then the other thing you didn't ask well I guess it maybe it's part of society but the bay area always had all these people protesting against technology, That's very important, actually. So we all had the two, almost like you I know you know the split brain the people have this disease where there are two people in one. The bay area is easily little bit like that so some the same place the bay area has people who love technology and it has people who hate technology and both are famous. And so these things create really a dialogue between maximum technology and minimum technology. So you have people who actually say my buy I’ll go live forest literally and they created commune and live in the forest and they are very happy we not technology and then you have all these high tech startups so that actually I see that as very very useful. I think that as a contributing to new ideas.

你沒有提到社會問題。其實在舊金山灣區(qū)也有抗議發(fā)展技術的人，這也是很重要的影響因素。舊金山灣區(qū)有熱愛技術的人，也有很討厭科技的人。舊金山的這兩種人都很出名，也引起了一些爭論：我們是要把技術用到極致，還是盡量少用技術？在舊金山你會遇到一些人說：“再見了，我要去森林里住了。”他們也的確這么做了，在森林里過得還很滋潤，而且沒有使用任何現(xiàn)代科技。與此同時，硅谷有很多高科技創(chuàng)業(yè)公司。所有你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這也是很重要的影響因素，因為這種爭論也帶來了新的想法。

Yeah even even talents. I was going to say something about talent. I mean, to me talents should be rephrased as immigration because every place in the world has talents. I mean there are no stupid people in the world. In any country is a lot of very intelligent people the big advantage that we have is that you want to come to Silicon Valley. You know, that's a big advantage and as I said that there were young educated people coming from everywhere when I present when I talk about artificial intelligence. I have a slide it's mainly to wake up people but it's an interesting slide. You know I list all the people who invented today artificial intelligence the new artificial intelligence. And for each person I write next to it where it was born you go through the list not one born in the United States.

還有就是人才因素。我也想談論一下人才，我認為人才就是移民。我覺得世界上沒有蠢人，每個國家都有很多人才，而硅谷的優(yōu)勢就是人才想要過來。這是一個很大的優(yōu)勢。我先前所提到，我們這里有來自世界各地的受過高等教育的年輕人才。我也做了一個小統(tǒng)計，記錄現(xiàn)在大熱的人工智能領域的工程師來源國。你看一下清單，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有一個人是在美國出生的。

Deep learning was all invented by people who were born outside the United States but now you think of deep learning at Silicon Valley but they were not born there. So talents are everywhere if you just write talents I put it last because every country has it but if you write immigrants then is very high I mean this power the Silicon Valley has to attract foreigners it's a big contribution. 

人工智能也是由美國以外出生的人所發(fā)明的?，F(xiàn)在你提到硅谷的深度學習，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這些工程師都不是美國人，所以到處都有人才，你不能只提到人才，因為每個國家都有人才。但是你可以說影響硅谷的是這里的移民，硅谷能夠吸引外國人來為我們做貢獻。

It's even difficult to quantify how much the United States as a whole as you know is a country of immigrants so in immigrants have always been important. But in California it’s very high, in the Bay Area it’s colossal, it could be ninety percent of the innovation we have come from immigrants, meaning also from other states. Ok, Steve jobs is the exception. He was raised in Silicon Valley but if you look through all the other people almost all of them came from somewhere else so that's a big big powerful thing so it depends, if you just call it talent, it’s the last one if you call it immigrants.

美國總的來說是一個移民國家，移民對美國來說很重要；對加州來說，移民非常重要；對舊金山灣區(qū)來說，移民至關重要。這里90%以上的創(chuàng)新發(fā)明都是移民做出的，他們都不是在美國出生，但喬布斯是一個特例，他是在美國長大的移民后代。如果你看看其他人，他們基本都不是在美國出生。移民是非常有影響力的因素。如果你將把它成為人才因素，我覺得那就是最不重要的因素了。

immigrants and then I would say, I would say the laws. So last one is government and that’s sixth, this is fifth. So most important factor for Silicon Valley in my opinion is the society, the culture. And it's a complex culture, a complex society and it’s unique and that's what makes Silicon Valley unique. And that's why it's so difficult to replicate Silicon Valley in other places we don't have another Silicon Valley in the United States.

第二重要的是移民因素，第三重要的是加州的法律，最不重要的是政府。政府是第五還是第六個因素。所以我重復一遍，最重要的就是硅谷的社會文化。硅谷的社會文化很復雜，所以硅谷是獨一無二的。其他國家也無法復制，美國也沒有第二個硅谷。

The second I would say, immigration, in the contribution of immigrants is very important even if some of them some of them don't found companies, they don't become famous like Steve Jobs and Mark Zuckerberg. But if you look at the people who work for them, the engineers, even some of the marketing people some of the people really created the trends. And those are immigrants so I think they are very important. 

第二重要的因素就是移民。移民對于硅谷的共享非常重要。一些移民沒有創(chuàng)業(yè)，不如喬布斯或是扎克伯格出名，但是你看看，很多硅谷為喬布斯或扎克伯格工作的工程師、銷售人員或者引領趨勢的人都是移民。所以我認為移民是很重要的影響因素。

And then the laws in California were important, because they helped create this attitude toward changing jobs, don't be afraid to fail this. All the things I told you about the society are true also because the laws of California make it easy in some countries if you fail you go to jail. That makes a difference, right? 

加州的法律當然也很重要了，因為加州的法律讓人敢于換工作，不害怕失敗?？梢哉f加州的法律讓跳槽、創(chuàng)業(yè)變得非常的簡單。在一些國家如果你創(chuàng)業(yè)失敗的話，可能要進監(jiān)獄。所以這就是很大的差別。

So number four would be the capital venture capital which was useful for some things, but I think it tends to distort. I think it slows down innovation, actually. Because the money doesn't go into real innovation, but it goes into exploiting innovation making money out of innovation. 

第四重要的是風險投資。講真的，他有一定的積極影響，但我覺得消極影響占更多。這些風險投資會降低人們創(chuàng)新的積極性。因為這些風險投資的資金并沒有真正的用到創(chuàng)新上，他們利用這些資金去榨取創(chuàng)新，想要通過創(chuàng)新賺更多的錢。

And the last one, the government. Government has an indirect role a government so why we take the money from the government if we don't particularly like the government. We don't like to get orders take orders but we like the money the advantage of government money is that its long term. Venture capitals are short term they give you money but then they want to return in two years. So you are forced to abandon their research and try to focus on the pothole founders by the way were very smart at avoiding that problem by any way that's an exception. 

最不重要的就是政府的影響，政府對硅谷的影響都是間接的。我們不喜歡政府對我們指手畫腳，但是我們不介意從政府那里獲得資金，因為政府的資金都是長期投資，而風險投資只是一些短期貸款。他們投資你的想法，但是要求你在未來兩年為他們帶來巨大的收益，所以你不得不放棄做科研，去關注如何做一個好的產品

In general, venture capital is short-term, so when it very often kills the research. It wants to market what you have now. Government money is long term government is thinking in terms of war. So what do you don’t need to return tomorrow morning. If your research doesn't do anything useful for ten years, it’s fine. Government is thinking at ten years from now, I will have better missiles or better satellites whatever. So that's why we take the money from the government, because it's like a long-term venture capital. But otherwise, we don't particularly like it. 

但總的來說，風險投資都是一些短期的投資，他們想讓你把手頭上的發(fā)明投入市場。政府的資金是長期投資，因為政府考慮到的是戰(zhàn)爭的問題，而且你還不需要還錢。如果你拿到政府的資金，你可以專心做研究。政府會給你10年時間，做出更好的導彈或衛(wèi)星。所以，我們也會從政府那里拿到投資，因為政府的錢更像是長期的風險投資。否則在其他情況下，我們通常不喜歡政府。

And I really don't think government was, it's not a matter of liking not liking. Sometimes we like it I mean Silicon Valley obviously liked Obama, dislike Trump. Everybody knows this but it's just that government did not plan Silicon Valley. So that's why ranks last. There wasn’t a day when somebody told the president there is a place called Silicon Valley or there was a day when the President was watching TV and ask her what is this Silicon Valley. It was not planned by him. So, in this sense, the government did not have a direct influence on Silicon Valley. 

不過我們不會考慮是否喜歡政府的問題。有時候我們還是喜歡政府的，我是說以前，在硅谷大家都喜歡奧巴馬，但是討厭特朗普。政府沒有想要打造出硅谷，所以這就是我把它排到最后了。以前沒有人告訴總統(tǒng)，未來會有一個硅谷；也不會有美國總統(tǒng)看到電視介紹硅谷是什么樣的，他們都沒有為硅谷做出規(guī)劃，所以政府對硅谷的都是間接影響。

In fact, the US government invested in many technology areas in the United States and put more money in other areas. So they never said number one is San Francisco Bay Area, never! Actually, I think the opposite I think there are many places in the United States that offer more benefits to high tech, in Seattle sets lower taxes. I think almost everybody is lower taxes in California to Texas. There's many states they really encourage Silicon Valley companies to move out of the Bay Area. And in some cases, that has happened. In Intel has a big factory is I think in Oregon whatever and of course it is well known. Many countries have better laws. 

實際上，美國政府在技術領域上花了很多錢進行研究，但是他們在其他地方的投入甚至更多。美國政府沒有說他們給舊金山灣區(qū)投入最多資金。但在美國有很多地方會給高新技術開綠燈，如西雅圖的稅率更低。我認為，很多地方的稅收都比加州的低，有很多州都鼓勵硅谷的大公司搬到他們州去。他們還提供一些稅收優(yōu)惠，而這些政策也有一定的成效。英特爾就把工廠搬到俄勒岡了。當然，很多國家也有更低的稅率。

Apple smart phones are not made in the bay area the made in China or Taiwan. and so on somebody was telling me that the Bay Area employs millions of people many more than we think. Why? Because you have to count also the ones that are outside of the United States. So I think, in general, government has not helped Silicon Valley much. Other governments helped their sort of Silicon Valley more. Where the government has helped is indirectly. Again, indirectly.

一個很好的例子就是iPhone， iPhone都不是在美國生產的，基本是在中國或者是中國臺灣生產的。有人告訴我舊金山灣區(qū)雇用了成千上萬的人，甚至比我們想象的要多。為什么？因為還要算上這些公司海外工廠提供的就業(yè)崗位。總的來說美國政府對硅谷沒有太多影響，特別是相比其他國家政府對高科技園區(qū)的扶持力度。

Bill Clinton’s vice president Al Gore was influential and decided that the internet should become a commercial network. The internet was invented as a government network for the military and for research. So when, I think, in 1992, maybe it wasn't him but anyway that the internet should become a commercial network that was very important. That's why we had the dot com. Before that it was difficult to make any. Any commercial activity on the internet was discouraged if not illegal so there was very important there was also a law in the 60s or 70s when the government decided it will help any venture capitalist was willing to invest in a high technology because Silicon Valley was one of the beneficiaries. I see, but these decisions were not about Silicon Valley they were about the whole United States and whine why Silicon Valley had bigger returns or benefits from these decisions on that that's because Silicon Valley was special enough but those decisions by the government were not specifically to help Silicon Valley where to help their whole country.

比爾·克林頓的副總統(tǒng)阿爾·戈爾是一個很有影響力的人，他決定了把互聯(lián)網(wǎng)做成商業(yè)網(wǎng)絡。當時互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是政府所發(fā)明的，主要用于軍事和研究。在1992年，我也不記得是不是戈爾說的，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)要成為一種商業(yè)網(wǎng)絡。之后才有了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫。在此之前，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商業(yè)化都是違法行為。在60或70年代，美國有一部法律讓風險投資人能夠投資高科技領域，而硅谷可以從中受益。但是這些決策都不只是針對硅谷，而是針對全美國的。為什么硅谷能夠有更多的收益？那是因為硅谷很特別，但政府決策的目的不是扶植硅谷，而是想幫助全美國的科技發(fā)展。

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