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感謝大家訂閱皮埃羅·斯加魯菲（Piero Scaruffi）的鈦媒體72問.原聲知識(shí)專欄《硅谷的秘密》。我是今天的提問者趙何娟。今天皮埃羅要繼續(xù)跟我們講的是硅谷早期幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的誕生，以及為什么其實(shí)硅谷至今的文化都不是崇尚發(fā)明？皮埃羅在評(píng)價(jià)蘋果公司時(shí)，會(huì)說(shuō)喬布斯的另一位聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人沃茲是真正的發(fā)明家，蘋果第一代產(chǎn)品其實(shí)沃茲發(fā)明的，但是為何他在蘋果的地位卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如喬布斯？

There were three inventors of the transistor, not one, two started on East Coast. In fact  one of the inventors a transistor is one of the few people who won 2 Nobel Prizes. But why he didn't start Silicon Valley? Because society was different. William Shockley happened to open a lab in Palo Alto and in that society, it was okay to risk and it was ok to start a company. Most of the people work for him were not from the bay area, they were young immigrant. So there was something that was attracting them about the bay area. So everything that they tell you about the history of silicon valley is true. But you have to realize that East Coast had hundred times more potentially the hundred times more engineers a hundred times more money and there the big corporations with power you know. So the official history of Silicon Valley was true but it doesn't explain how we become number one. We should have been number twenty or number twenty five not number one.

事實(shí)上，半導(dǎo)體的其中一個(gè)發(fā)明者獲得了兩次諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)，為什么他沒有創(chuàng)造出硅谷？因?yàn)閮傻氐纳鐣?huì)環(huán)境不同。肖克利碰巧在帕羅奧圖開了公司，而當(dāng)?shù)赜泄膭?lì)冒險(xiǎn)與創(chuàng)業(yè)；為其工作的人都不是本地人，都是年輕的移民，對(duì)這些年輕人來(lái)說(shuō)，舊金山灣區(qū)很有吸引力；所以有關(guān)硅谷的歷史，這些部分是正確的。

最開始硅谷有斯坦福，有肖克利，有仙童，英特爾這些創(chuàng)業(yè)公司，但你需要知道的是東海岸其實(shí)更有潛力，更多工程師，更多錢，更多大公司?，F(xiàn)在你看到的硅谷歷史的官方說(shuō)法是屬實(shí)的，但官方說(shuō)法并沒有解釋硅谷為什么會(huì)成為世界第一。它應(yīng)該是第二十，或者第二十五才對(duì)，而非第一。

 In the seventies there were two very important research laboratories they never made money, but very important, Xerox PARC， SRI International. By the way one thing I didn't tell you is that Stanford is still a very small university. People exaggerate the importance of Stanford. It one Nobel prize until the fifties whatever and it was very difficult for Stanford to attract the good professors. Who wants to live in California? The big universities, Princeton Yale MIT Harvard, or at East Coast, all of them. SRI International was created by Stanford to do projects with with a military basically, and Xerox PARC was created by Xerox there was famous for cameras was a camera company. It was a research laboratory, do basic research, and Xerox never really believed in that laboratory. T he big laboratory of Xerox was on the East Coast. If you have a laboratory in the bay area, you get crazy people to work for you. You can look at the pictures of the engineers at Xerox PARC, blue jeans, t-shirt, long hair sitting on the floor, you know, the same picture at IBM or at the Chinese company, in those years, suit and tie, everybody very serious, very professional, right? So you really see that is different and Xerox PARC is the place where they started thinking of putting a computer on a desk. Today what's the big deal. When I  grew up the computers of those days, they were monsters, very big very expensive. In fact, you could not touch them. Usually they were inside the room with big walls, there was a little window and there was a man in white like a priest in a Buddhist temple. You deliver your software on punched cards to this man，and this man is the only one who can touch the computer. Imagine this situation and now Xerox PARC, a group of young people decide, I want to put that thing on the desk, that was such a stupid idea. The only customers of computers were the government and the big corporations. Why you want to put a computer on a desk, for what? Their original application was schools, they wanted to give children a computer. Now if you try to think like a nineteen seventy five, this doesn't make any sense, nobody's thinking of that. In the bay area some young people decided this technology could be useful, maybe we should give it to children, totally crazy idea.

70年代的硅谷有很多實(shí)驗(yàn)室，但是這些實(shí)驗(yàn)室都沒有盈利，比如說(shuō)Xerox PARC、斯坦福國(guó)際研究中心（SRI International）等等。另外我需要補(bǔ)充一句，當(dāng)時(shí)斯坦福還是一所小學(xué)校。人們都夸大了斯坦福對(duì)硅谷的影響，實(shí)際上，斯坦福到了50年代才出了第一個(gè)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者。那時(shí)斯坦福還很難找到好的教授，那時(shí)候誰(shuí)想去加州??？當(dāng)時(shí)好的大學(xué)全都在東海岸。斯坦福國(guó)際研究中心最初是斯坦福為美國(guó)軍方做研究的地方，他們基本上做的都是軍用技術(shù)。

Xerox PARC是由施樂（Xerox）創(chuàng)辦的，施樂本身是一家信息技術(shù)公司。施樂創(chuàng)辦研究所Xerox PARC，但卻不相信自己的研究所，因?yàn)樗麄儺?dāng)時(shí)在其他地方還有更大的研究所。如果你在舊金山灣區(qū)有一個(gè)研究所，那你就可以找到瘋狂的人為你工作。你可以看一下照片里的工程師，藍(lán)色牛仔褲、T恤、長(zhǎng)發(fā)，坐在地板上，再看同期的公司，比如說(shuō)IBM或者是中國(guó)公司，人人穿著整齊，打好領(lǐng)帶，嚴(yán)肅專業(yè)，對(duì)吧？你也發(fā)現(xiàn)了不同。

Xerox PARC當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)開始想要把電腦放到桌面上。今天你可能會(huì)想這有什么不同？但是在當(dāng)時(shí)那個(gè)年代，就像我上學(xué)時(shí)候看到的電腦，就像怪物一樣，很大很貴，在有小窗戶的大房間里，電腦操作人員穿著白衣服，就像教堂里的牧師一樣。當(dāng)時(shí)的軟件還存在打孔卡（punch card）里面，只有一個(gè)人能夠碰觸電腦。Xerox PARC的一群年輕工程師當(dāng)時(shí)想要把這么大的電腦放上桌面，多么愚蠢的想法啊！當(dāng)時(shí)只有政府和大公司需要電腦，你為什么要把電腦放到桌面上？有什么用？他們最初的想法也很酷炫，他們想要給孩子們電腦。如果你嘗試以1975年的目光來(lái)審視這件事，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這完全說(shuō)不通。當(dāng)時(shí)的人覺得不可能做到的事情，這群年輕人會(huì)認(rèn)為“嗯，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)會(huì)很有用，我們應(yīng)該給孩子們電腦”，非常瘋狂的想法。

And SRI International was chosen as one of the nodes of the first internet. It was called ARPANET, that's the beginning the internet. When they chose the SRI as a node of the internet. Again, they ended up with some engineers who are not the normal engineer working for the military. One of them decided to do a famous demo at the end of nineteen sixty eight, where he was in one city, and then the other people were in other city and they were communicating with the computer, using the the Arpanet. Today you say oh what's the big deal, we do it with a smartphone. That's why you do it with your smart phone, because that day that guy had the idea to do this thing that nobody told him to do it, he just realized it and he was using a device called the mouse.

另一方面，SRI當(dāng)時(shí)被選為因特網(wǎng)的節(jié)點(diǎn)，這就是高等研究計(jì)劃署網(wǎng)絡(luò)（ARPANET）。這就是因特網(wǎng)的起源。軍方選擇了SRI作為因特網(wǎng)的節(jié)點(diǎn)，他們就有了一群不同尋常的工程師。1968年，SRI其中一位工程師做了一件很不尋常的事情，他與另一位工程師身處兩個(gè)不同的城市，但是他們利用電腦來(lái)溝通交流。你現(xiàn)在可能會(huì)說(shuō)有什么了不起的，我們還用智能手機(jī)交流呢！但是正是因?yàn)樗麄?，你才能夠用移?dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)交流。沒有人告訴這位工程師要怎么做，但是他就是做到了。他還使用了一種叫做鼠標(biāo)的設(shè)備。

So you realize that the culture of risk that was there, the culture of doing something crazy and stupid the culture of experimenting in everything, have a huge impact on the technology. Because this was a place where any new technology would become a toy, you play with it, you see what you can do, what what kind of interesting things I could do? Then you explain Apple and Google and Facebook, so the rest of the history of Silicon Valley to me is easy. We tend to think oh Jobs, Zuckerberg， these are all such heroes. To me they're not, just the silicon valley was producing so many of these new ideas, some of them got rich, and of course these are probably the people were very determined. Steve Jobs was famous for being stubborn, but he also took a lot of risk. When I met Steve Jobs I think nineteen eighty four, it was a failure, he was fired by Apple. He was starting again with another crazy idea called Next, and he was not doing well, so even these people took a lot of risk. 

你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，舊金山灣區(qū)有一種冒險(xiǎn)的文化，鼓勵(lì)做蠢事的文化、鼓勵(lì)做實(shí)驗(yàn)的文化，這就鼓勵(lì)了技術(shù)的發(fā)展。在那里，技術(shù)就像玩具一樣，你可以拿技術(shù)來(lái)玩，你會(huì)知道自己能夠做什么，可以做什么樣有趣的事情。在這樣的社會(huì)背景下才有了Facebook，Google這些企業(yè)。我們會(huì)覺得喬布斯、扎克伯格都是奇才，但我不會(huì)這樣想。硅谷就是有很多新的想法，有的人可以因此致富而已。當(dāng)然，這也是因?yàn)橛械娜颂貏e堅(jiān)定。我們都知道喬布斯以固執(zhí)聞名。但喬布斯也是個(gè)愛冒險(xiǎn)的人。我在1984年和他見面時(shí)，他當(dāng)時(shí)挺失敗的，還被蘋果炒了魷魚。喬布斯那時(shí)又有一個(gè)瘋狂的想法Next，但他并沒有做的很好。即使是這些奇才也冒了很多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

The other thing is important people talk too much about Steve Jobs, and not enough about Steve Wozniak. That's another thing that is important, a lot of these people became famous. They started because they wanted something for themselves, they were not thinking this will become a big product, they were thinking I want this thing to exist that because I want to use it. So Wozniak build the Apple One was just to show it to his friends and to use it. It was his hobby. It is amazing because he built a hardware, the software all by himself. In those days it was really difficult to have the knowledge to do these things. He found out how to put a cassette recorder, and how to put the memory and the electronics, and then he wrote the software that you can use, and so on. He was not thinking some day we sell millions of copies of this. He was very happy to use it himself Mark Zuckerberg and his friends create Facebook, for what?  For them.  Larry Page and Sergey Brin create Google, why ? Because they didn’t like the existing search engines for them. So there's a lot of these stories that are about young people they just want something for them. It's more like a hobby. The difference is that in Silicon Valley people really like you for doing that, and you find a lot of support, you show it to your friends. Steve Wozniak was going to this club called the Homebrew Computer Club, and it was the meetings where Stanford linear accelerator hanged out, it's a place for a nuclear physicist it's not a place for venture capitalists, and it's not a place to sell computers. They were meeting there and they were showing the things. Steve Wozniak was showing his Apple One to his friends, not to the venture capitalist, not to the customers, to his friends. Jobs was the businessman, but we focus too much on Jobs The Salesman and not too much on Wozniak. He actually built it and he did it just for fun. So that's the spirit.

另外一個(gè)值得注意的地方是，人們過(guò)于關(guān)注喬布斯，而沒有注意到Steve Wozniak。很多人出名了，但他們最初創(chuàng)業(yè)的時(shí)候想到的是自己要做的事情，而不是做出一個(gè)大賣的產(chǎn)品。他們發(fā)明的原因就是因?yàn)樗麄兿胗眠@樣?xùn)|西。Steve Wozniak做出了Apple 1，然后向朋友展示，這是他的一個(gè)小愛好。Wozniak非常厲害，因?yàn)殡娔X的硬件和軟件都是他自己做的。在那個(gè)年代，很少有人擁有這樣的知識(shí)能夠做一臺(tái)電腦。他知道怎樣放盒式磁帶，如何儲(chǔ)存，他弄好了電子元件，寫好了軟件，而他當(dāng)時(shí)并沒有想到要賣出上萬(wàn)臺(tái)電腦。他為能夠用這樣的電腦感到開心。

扎克伯格和他的朋友們一起創(chuàng)辦Facebook是為什么呢？就是為了他們的朋友啊。拉里·佩奇和謝爾蓋·布林因?yàn)椴幌矚g當(dāng)時(shí)的搜索引擎所以就共同創(chuàng)建了Google。事實(shí)上，如果你在硅谷做這些事情，人們會(huì)很喜歡，你會(huì)得到很多的支持。你可以和朋友分享你的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。Steve Wozniak還參加過(guò)Homebrew Computer Club，這是一個(gè)斯坦福核物理學(xué)家的聚集地。那里沒有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資，也沒有人會(huì)推銷自己的產(chǎn)品，他們只是單純展示自己的發(fā)明。Steve Wozniak就在那里向朋友展示了Apple One，而喬布斯只是推銷員。我們過(guò)多關(guān)注喬布斯，而沒有注意到這個(gè)真正做出了Apple One的人。他只是覺得好玩才做出了這臺(tái)電腦。這就是硅谷精神。

And social media I mean, when the internet came it was running on this operating system called Unix.  It is still the most used operating system for the internet. Unix was invented by AT&T, the was the biggest company in the world luckily because it was so big the government told the AT&T you cannot make money with this thing, so the government basically forced it to give it away for free.  So it gave a copy to Berkeley, and the most famous version of Unix became the Berkerly version of Unix.  When I came here I started working on the Unix operating system, and why we young people like the Unix operating system? Because it was possible to exchange messages, email and they were groups where you could post news like social media. That's the beginning of social media. These people at UC Berkerly started using operating system as social media but that was been invented by the biggest corporation in the world, not as a social media tools.  See there's so many of these examples. The man was in charge of the Berkeley Unix started a very important company called Sun. Sun was one of the most influential companies in the Silicon Valley. So there's so many examples where you see this attitude of the technology. Actually technologies, like personal computer were not invented here, it was somebody far away who invented, who was selling it by my mail. And the Internet was invented by the government in Washington, and then Boston. So all of this was invented somewhere else, but when it comes to Silicon Valley，this idea of technology, that “okay there is a new technology, what do I do with it now”.

再看看社交媒體。最初有因特網(wǎng)的時(shí)候，很多人還是用Unix系統(tǒng)。Unix是AT&T發(fā)明的，當(dāng)時(shí)AT&T是世界上最大的公司，所以政府告訴他們不能通過(guò)Unix來(lái)賺錢。可以說(shuō)，政府迫使AT&T免費(fèi)放出Unix操作系統(tǒng)。AT&T把Unix給了Berkeley，后來(lái)最出名的就是Berkeley版本的Unix操作系統(tǒng)。我剛到硅谷的時(shí)候，就用Unix系統(tǒng)工作。年輕人喜歡Unix的原因是你可以用它來(lái)發(fā)郵件，發(fā)布新聞動(dòng)態(tài)，把它當(dāng)作是個(gè)社交媒體。這就是社交媒體的起源。這些在UC Berkeley的人開始把Unix用作社交媒體。但大公司AT&T發(fā)明這個(gè)操作系統(tǒng)的時(shí)候，并沒有想過(guò)把它做成社交媒體。后來(lái)，UC Berkeley創(chuàng)辦了一個(gè)很重要的公司Sun。Sun曾經(jīng)是硅谷最具影響力的公司。硅谷最重要的是理念，而非發(fā)明。我和你提到的技術(shù)基本都不是在硅谷發(fā)明的，個(gè)人電腦就不是在硅谷誕生的，而是一個(gè)在其他地方的人發(fā)明的，然后通過(guò)電子郵件來(lái)銷售。因特網(wǎng)是美國(guó)政府在華盛頓發(fā)明的，所有的東西都是在其他地方發(fā)明的。

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